Trade and technology cooperation is an important indicator of the nature, scope, and future trajectory of overall Sino–Russian relations. Mitigation strategies center on import substitution, but this can be difficult. Instead, academics, analysts and governments use anecdotal evidence, scenarios and foresight to uncover how deep the dependencies go.

Qualitative approaches, by contrast, are less transparent and dependencies in technologies, key resources and critical infrastructure much harder to fully understand using statistical and trade data. if a downturn in exports of gas to the Chinese market. Dependency mitigation strategies can include the use of central bank reserves to replace export revenues if needs be e.g. Dependencies can be analyzed and understood using statistical data and economic models. Quantitative factors include the size of trade and investment, labor migration and tourism. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches can highlight the existence of dependencies. How might we understand the term ‘economic dependence’ when applied to trade flows and technical cooperation between two states? Economic and technological links turn into dependencies when the link becomes difficult to replace and too powerful to lose, given resultant political tensions and pressure. The summary reflects the overall tenor of the discussion, and no specific element necessarily should be presumed to be the view of either of the participants. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (GCMC) in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. This is a summary of the discussion at the latest workshop of the current series of online Great Power Competition Seminar Series (GPCSS) webinars held on Novemby the George C.

Best international relations books 2014